Every regulatory and clinical statement on this site traces to an official source. Below, each is linked to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the National Institutes of Health, or the peer-reviewed study it comes from.
Compounded medications are prepared for an individual patient by a state-licensed compounding pharmacy pursuant to a prescription. They are not FDA-approved finished drug products, and the FDA does not review compounded medications for safety, effectiveness, or quality.
Pharmaceutical compounding is governed by enforceable United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards: General Chapter <795> for nonsterile preparations and General Chapter <797> for sterile preparations, which set requirements for personnel, facilities, components, and quality assurance. These are the "real standard" a compounding pharmacy compounds to.
USP General Chapter <795> — Pharmaceutical Compounding, Nonsterile Preparations ↗ · USP General Chapter <797> — Sterile Preparations ↗
Refrigerated injectable medications such as semaglutide are stored at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F), protected from light, and not frozen, per FDA-approved product labeling.
NIH DailyMed — WEGOVY (semaglutide) FDA label: Storage and Handling ↗
Compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide are not FDA-approved and are not generic equivalents of, or interchangeable with, the brand-name products (Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, Zepbound), which are the only FDA-approved semaglutide and tirzepatide medicines.
FDA — Concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs used for weight loss ↗
GLP-1 medicines in the semaglutide class are contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2). Acute pancreatitis has been observed with GLP-1 receptor agonists, and the medicine should be discontinued in patients who become pregnant while using it for weight reduction. A licensed provider screens for these and other factors during intake.
NIH DailyMed — WEGOVY (semaglutide) FDA label: Contraindications & Warnings ↗
The most common adverse reactions reported with semaglutide are gastrointestinal, including nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and constipation.
NIH DailyMed — WEGOVY (semaglutide) FDA label: Adverse Reactions ↗
NAD+, glutathione, and MIC injectables are compounded preparations and are not FDA-approved to prevent, treat, or cure any disease (see FDA compounding above).
Vitamin B12 is built around a single cobalt atom (hence "cobalamin"), functions as a cofactor for two enzymes (methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase), and is required for the development, myelination, and function of the central nervous system, healthy red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis.
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin B12 fact sheet ↗
Through its cofactor enzymes, vitamin B12 participates in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids: L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the metabolism of a short-chain fatty acid, and methionine synthase supports methionine (amino acid) metabolism, feeding the pathways cells use to turn food into usable energy.
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin B12 fact sheet ↗
Choline is a source of methyl groups needed for many steps in metabolism and is essential (especially as phosphatidylcholine) for transporting lipids out of the liver; in choline deficiency, fat accumulates in the liver, which can result in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The U.S. formally recognized choline as an essential nutrient in 1998.
Choline is needed to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory, mood, and muscle control.
The Institute of Medicine formally recognized choline as an essential nutrient in the U.S. in 1998.
Methionine is an essential amino acid the body cannot synthesize; it is the precursor to S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a universal methyl donor for methylation reactions throughout the body.
Methionine cycle & SAMe as a universal methyl donor — PMC8775811 ↗
Methionine is metabolized largely in the liver to SAMe and, through the transsulfuration pathway, contributes to the synthesis of glutathione.
S-adenosylmethionine metabolism & liver disease — PMC4027041 ↗
Inositol is incorporated into cell membranes and is a precursor to second messengers (such as IP3) used in cell signaling; it acts as a mediator in insulin signaling and is a lipotropic compound involved in lipid (fat) metabolism.
Trial results referenced on the product pages come from studies of the branded, FDA-approved medicines. Compounded versions share the active ingredient but are not the identical product and have not been individually studied.
Semaglutide weight-loss results (STEP 1 trial).
Semaglutide cardiovascular-event reduction in obesity without diabetes (SELECT trial).
Tirzepatide is a dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist: it binds the GIP receptor with affinity comparable to native GIP, while its GLP-1-receptor affinity is roughly 18–20× weaker than native GLP-1; its gastric-slowing ("feel full longer") effect is driven by GLP-1-receptor agonism, not GIP.
In SURMOUNT-1, tirzepatide's weight loss was approximately 74% fat mass / 26% lean mass (versus 75% / 25% on placebo), preserving the fat-to-lean loss ratio.
GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide work with the body's appetite signals: enhancing satiety, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing hunger and energy intake.
GLP-1 analogues, appetite & gastric emptying — systematic review, PMC9987242 ↗
Patients on GLP-1 medications frequently report a reduction in "food noise," persistent, intrusive thoughts about food; this patient-reported effect is beginning to be documented in early research.
Glutathione is often called the body's "master antioxidant" and is the most abundant thiol antioxidant in human cells.
Glutathione is a tripeptide the body builds from three amino acids: glutamate (glutamic acid), cysteine, and glycine.
Wu et al., "Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health," J. Nutrition (2004) ↗
Glutathione helps regenerate other antioxidants, recycling oxidized vitamin C back to its active form, which in turn helps restore vitamin E.
Glutathione & the antioxidant network (vitamin C/E regeneration) — PMC7690269 ↗
Glutathione's antioxidant activity helps protect skin cells against UV-induced oxidative damage.
Schäfer et al., glutathione-mediated UVB cytoprotection in the epidermis — PMC2867209 ↗
Glutathione is central to the liver's phase II detoxification, where it conjugates toxins and drug byproducts to make them water-soluble for excretion.
Pizzorno, "Glutathione!," Integrative Medicine (2014) — PMC4684116 ↗
Glutathione plays an important role in normal immune function, including cytokine production and immune-cell activity.
Glutathione participates in melanin biochemistry, influencing the balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin pigment.
Thioredoxin & glutathione systems in melanogenesis — PMC8112849 ↗
As a primary cellular antioxidant, glutathione neutralizes free radicals and helps protect DNA and other cell components from the oxidative damage that harms lipids, proteins, and DNA.
Pizzorno, "Glutathione!," Integrative Medicine (2014) — PMC4684116 ↗
Glutathione levels tend to decline with age, and glutathione deficiency contributes to the oxidative stress associated with aging.
Chin et al., glutathione across the age span (systematic review) — PMC10520675 ↗
Roughly 85% of cellular NAD+ is regenerated through the salvage pathway.
Cellular NAD+ levels decline with age, and this decline is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced cellular energy metabolism.
NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial & age-related disorders — PMC4963347 ↗
About this page. The facts behind every statement on this site come from the official sources linked above. The wording on our pages is our own; nothing is copied from another company. This page is provided for transparency and is not a substitute for the full prescribing information or for medical advice. Availability and regulatory status of compounded medications can change; a licensed provider makes all prescribing decisions.